Gentlemen or farmers?

Most modern European males descend from farmers who migrated from the Near East

Y chromosomes within this lineage were typed with Y-STR markers to identify their haplotypes. Circles represent these haplotypes, with area proportional to frequency and coloured according to population. There is a single origin (centre of network) for this lineage in the Near East (red), and the time depth is less than 11,000 years. So this lineage expanded from the Near East throughout Europe during the last 11,000 years.

The invention of farming is perhaps the most important cultural change in the history of modern humans. Increased food production led to the development of societies that stayed put, rather than wandering in search of food. The resulting population growth culminated in the seven billion people who now live on the planet. In Europe, farming spread from the ‘Fertile Crescent’, a region extending from the eastern Mediterranean coast to the Persian Gulf and including the Tigris and Euphrates valleys.

There has been much debate about whether the westerly spread of agriculture from the Near East was driven by farmers actually migrating, or by the transfer of ideas and technologies to indigenous hunter-gatherers. Now, researchers have studied the genetic diversity of modern populations to throw light on the processes involved in these ancient events.

“All over the world, wherever geneticists looked at other farming expansions, the incoming farmers were replacing the indigenous men. But not in Europe. Europe seemed to be the glorious exception, where the farmers instead taught their methods to the hunters and gatherers and then quietly passed away: true gentlemen. Unfortunately, we have now discovered that this rosy view is not accurate. European farmers were just like the others, concentrating on transmitting their own genes.”

Dr Chris Tyler-Smith From the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and an author on the study

The new study, funded by the Wellcome Trust, examines the diversity of the Y chromosome, which is passed from father to son.

“We focused on the commonest Y-chromosome lineage in Europe, carried by about 110 million men. It follows a gradient from south-east to north-west, reaching almost 100 per cent frequency in Ireland. We looked at how the lineage is distributed, how diverse it is in different parts of Europe, and how old it is.”

Mark Jobling From the University of Leicester and senior author on the study

The results suggested that the lineage spread together with farming from the Near East.

“In total, this means that more than 80 per cent of European Y chromosomes descend from incoming farmers. In contrast, most maternal genetic lineages seem to descend from hunter-gatherers. To us, this suggests a reproductive advantage for farming males over indigenous hunter-gatherer males during the switch from hunting and gathering, to farming – maybe, back then, it was just sexier to be a farmer.”

Dr Patricia Balaresque From Université Paul Sabatier, France, and first author of the study

More information

Funding

This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust.

Participating Centres

• Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, UK
• Laboratoire d’Etude du Polymorphisme de l’ADN, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
• Molecular Medicine Research Group, Peninsula Medical School, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
• Dipartimento di Biologia ed Evoluzione, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
• Dipartimento di Medicina Legale e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
• Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
• The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK